Latin (Part Two)

For the relationship between alphabet and phonology, see Latin (Part One).

Miao Language

Qiandong Miao written with Latin in 1952 orthography

Note that, in November 1950, five Hmong youths, Wu Diping (吴涤平), Pan Guangcheng (潘光成), Long Hede (隆和德), Zhang Shuchang (张树昌) and Tai Changhou (邰昌厚), who had been studying in Beijing, drew up an orthography for the Miao language Qiandong dialect written with Latin script after four months of study under the care and guidance of Wu Yuzhang (吴玉章) and Liang Juwu (梁聚伍). The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Northern subdialect (北部土语) in Taijiang county (台江县). The writing system is described in Zhou (2000) ¹, which suggests that this writing system uses all 24 Latin letters except ⟨w⟩ and ⟨y⟩, but the alphabet it provides does not correspond to the phonemes, and its correctness is questionable.

In 1952, Tai Changhou (邰昌厚) and Zhang Yongxiang (张永祥) produced Miao language textbooks in which an alphabet based written with Latin script was devised. The writing system used in the textbooks is said to have been devised by Ma Xueliang (马学良). The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Northern subdialect (北部土语) in Kaitang town (凯棠镇) and Zhouxi town (舟溪镇), Kaili county (凯里市).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Qiandong Miao written with Latin in 1956 orthography

In 1956, the Scientific Symposium on Miao Language and Script Issues was held in Guiyang, Guizhou, and an orthography was formed by the Second Working Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Northern subdialect (北部土语) in Yanghao village (养蒿村), Sankeshu town (三棵树镇), Kaili county (凯里市).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨e⟩ is possibly used for ei instead of e.

Qiandong Miao written with Latin in 1957 orthography

After the meeting, the Second Working Team discussed and amended the original scheme in the light of the delegates’ comments, and drafted an amended scheme in 1957. The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Northern subdialect (北部土语) in Yanghao village (养蒿村), Sankeshu town (三棵树镇), Kaili county (凯里市).

According to GELSC (1957) ³, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨e⟩ is possibly used for ei instead of e.

Qiandong Miao written with Latin in 1958 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Qiandong dialect. In late January 1958, the Guizhou Provincial Ethnic Languages Steering Committee and the Second Working Team convened the Miao language community of Guizhou Province to discuss modifications to the writing system. After the meeting, the 1957 orthography was revised. The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Northern subdialect (北部土语) in Yanghao village (养蒿村), Sankeshu town (三棵树镇), Kaili county (凯里市).

According to Wang (1985) ⁴, the alphabet is shown below:

Qiandong Miao written with Latin in 1982 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Qiandong dialect. On 23 October 1982, the Symposium on the Revision of the Draft Scheme for the Miao Language Qiandong Dialect was held in Guiyang, and a consensus was reached on the revision of the 1958 orthography. The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Northern subdialect (北部土语) in Yanghao village (养蒿村), Sankeshu town (三棵树镇), Kaili county (凯里市).

According to GEAC (1995) ⁵, the alphabet is shown below:

Xiangxi Miao written with Latin in 1952 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Xiangxi dialect. In 1952 there were textbooks for the Miao language Xiangxi dialect, and the writing system used in the textbooks is said to have been devised by Ma Xueliang (马学良). The writing system records the Xiangxi Miao phonology based on the Western subdialect (西部土语) in Panshi town (盘石镇), Songtao county (松桃苗族自治县).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨ŋi⟩ is also said to be used for ñ.
2. ⟨nɂw⟩ is said to be used for nq̄ʷ, which is weird.
3. ⟨x⟩ is said to be used for ² as a sandhi variety.

Xiangxi Miao written with Latin in 1956 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Xiangxi dialect. In 1956, the Scientific Symposium on Miao Language and Script Issues was held in Guiyang, Guizhou, and an orthography was formed by the Second Working Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The writing system records the Xiangxi Miao phonology based on the Western subdialect (西部土语) in Yelangping village (夜郎坪村), Jiwei town (吉卫镇), Huayuan county (花垣县).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. The red letters are not recorded in Enwall (1995) ² and are added by analogy.
2. ⟨ŋi⟩ is also said to be used for ñ.

Xiangxi Miao written with Latin in 1957 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Xiangxi dialect. After the meeting, the Second Working Team discussed and amended the original scheme in the light of the delegates’ comments, and drafted an amended scheme in 1957. The writing system records the Qiandong Miao phonology based on the Xiangxi Miao phonology based on the Western subdialect (西部土语) in Yelangping village (夜郎坪村), Jiwei town (吉卫镇), Huayuan county (花垣县).

According to GELSC (1957) ³, the alphabet is shown below:

Xiangxi Miao written with Latin in 1958 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Xiangxi dialect. In late January 1958, the Guizhou Provincial Ethnic Languages Steering Committee and the Second Working Team convened the Miao language community of Guizhou Province to discuss modifications to the writing system. Hunan Province submitted written comments prior to the meeting. After the meeting, the 1957 orthography was revised. The writing system records the Xiangxi Miao phonology based on the Western subdialect (西部土语) in Yelangping village (夜郎坪村), Jiwei town (吉卫镇), Huayuan county (花垣县).

According to Wang (1985) ⁴, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. The red letters are not recorded in Enwall (1995) ² and are added by analogy.
2. ⟨mi⟩ is said to be added in 1990 orthography.

Chuanqiandian Miao written with Latin in 1956 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect. In 1956, the Scientific Symposium on Miao Language and Script Issues was held in Guiyang, Guizhou, and an orthography was formed by the Second Working Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The writing system records the Chuanqiandian Miao phonology based on the Chuanqiandian subdialect (川黔滇次方言) in Minzhu village (民主村), Gusong town (古宋镇), Xingwen county (兴文县), Yibin city (宜宾市).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨ʃ⟩ is said to be the uppercase letter for ⟨ʂ⟩.

Chuanqiandian Miao written with Latin in 1957 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect. After the meeting, the Second Working Team discussed and amended the original scheme in the light of the delegates’ comments, and drafted an amended scheme in 1957. The writing system records the Chuanqiandian Miao phonology based on the Chuanqiandian subdialect (川黔滇次方言) in Dananshan village (大南山苗寨), Qixingguan district (七星关区), Bijie city (毕节市).

According to GELSC (1957) ³, the alphabet is shown below:

Chuanqiandian Miao written with Latin in 1958 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect. In late January 1958, the Guizhou Provincial Ethnic Languages Steering Committee and the Second Working Team convened the Miao language community of Guizhou Province to discuss modifications to the writing system. After the meeting, the 1957 orthography was revised. The writing system records the Chuanqiandian Miao phonology based on the Chuanqiandian subdialect (川黔滇次方言) in Dananshan village (大南山苗寨), Qixingguan district (七星关区), Bijie city (毕节市).

According to Wang (1985) ⁴, the alphabet is shown below:

Chuanqiandian Miao written with Latin in 1982 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect. On 23 October 1982, the Symposium on the Revision of the Draft Scheme for the Miao Language Qiandong Dialect was held in Guiyang, and a consensus was reached on the revision of the 1958 orthography. The writing system records the Chuanqiandian Miao phonology based on the Chuanqiandian subdialect (川黔滇次方言) in Dananshan village (大南山苗寨), Qixingguan district (七星关区), Bijie city (毕节市).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Diandongbei Miao written with Latin in 1952 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect Diandongbei subdialect. In 1952 there were textbooks for the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect Diandongbei subdialect, and the writing system used in the textbooks is said to have been devised by Ma Xueliang (马学良). The writing system records the Diandongbei Miao phonology in Shimenkan village (石门坎村), Weining county (威宁县).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. The red letters are not recorded in Enwall (1995) ² and are added by analogy.

Diandongbei Miao written with Latin in 1956 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect Diandongbei subdialect. In 1956, the Scientific Symposium on Miao Language and Script Issues was held in Guiyang, Guizhou, and an orthography was formed by the Second Working Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The writing system records the Diandongbei Miao phonology in Shimenkan village (石门坎村), Weining county (威宁县).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨ƃ⟩ < ⟨б⟩, ⟨ƌ⟩ < ⟨д⟩.

Diandongbei Miao written with Latin in 1957 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect Diandongbei subdialect. After the meeting, the Second Working Team discussed and amended the original scheme in the light of the delegates’ comments, and drafted an amended scheme in 1957. The writing system records the Diandongbei Miao phonology in Shimenkan village (石门坎村), Weining county (威宁县).

According to GELSC (1957) ³, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨ƃ⟩ < ⟨б⟩, ⟨ƌ⟩ < ⟨д⟩.

Diandongbei Miao written with Latin in 1958 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect Diandongbei subdialect. In late January 1958, the Guizhou Provincial Ethnic Languages Steering Committee and the Second Working Team convened the Miao language community of Guizhou Province to discuss modifications to the writing system. Hunan Province submitted written comments prior to the meeting. After the meeting, the 1957 orthography was revised. The writing system records the Diandongbei Miao phonology in Shimenkan village (石门坎村), Weining county (威宁县).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Diandongbei Miao written with Latin in 1982 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Miao language Chuanqiandian dialect Diandongbei subdialect. On 23 October 1982, the Symposium on the Revision of the Draft Scheme for the Miao Language Qiandong Dialect was held in Guiyang, and a consensus was reached on the revision of the 1958 orthography. The writing system records the Diandongbei Miao phonology in Shimenkan village (石门坎村), Weining county (威宁县).

According to Enwall (1995) ², the alphabet is shown below:

Hani Language

Ha-Ya Hani written with Latin in 1957 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Hani language Ha-Ya dialect. The Yunnan provincial government organized the survey of the Hani language in 1952 and created this writing system in 1957 after the 1956 census of the Hani language. The writing system records the Ha-Ya Hani phonology based on the Hani subdialect (哈尼次方言) in Dazhai village (大寨社区), Daxing town (大兴镇), Lüchun county (绿春县).

According to He (1999) ⁶, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Bi-Ka Hani written with Latin in 1957 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Hani language Bi-Ka dialect. The Yunnan provincial government organized the survey of the Hani language in 1952 and created this writing system in 1957 after the 1956 census of the Hani language. The writing system records the Biyue phonology (碧约话) in Mojiang county (墨江县).

According to He (1999) ⁶, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Hani written with Latin in 1958 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Hani language Ha-Ya dialect. In 1958, Ha-Ya 1957 orthography was revised in the spirit of the design of the ethnic writing systems. The writing system records the Ha-Ya Hani phonology based on the Hani subdialect (哈尼次方言) in Dazhai village (大寨社区), Daxing town (大兴镇), Lüchun county (绿春县).

According to He (1999) ⁶, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Hani written with Latin in 1983 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Hani language Ha-Ya dialect. In 1983, under the influence of the situation of thinking about the improvement of the original original, some Hani linguists, explored the improvement of the 1958 orthography. The writing system records the Ha-Ya Hani phonology based on the Hani subdialect (哈尼次方言) in Dazhai village (大寨社区), Daxing town (大兴镇), Lüchun county (绿春县).

According to He (1999) ⁶, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.
2. When preceding the lax vowel, the phonemes /p/, /pʲ/, /t͡s/, /t/, /t͡ɕ/ and /k/ are implemented as aspirated.

Bai Language

Bai written with Latin in 1982 orthography

Note that, in 1956, the Institute of Minority Languages of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, on the basis of in-depth research for Bai language, drew up a writing system for Bai language, which was adopted at the Second National Scientific Symposium on Minority Languages, held in 1958. According to the related video, no letters other than the basic Latin alphabet seem to be used, because the main spirit of designing writing systems had already been set forth at that time.

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Bai language. In the spring of 1982, the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (大理白族自治州) formed a research group, which, together with linguists from the Institute of Ethnology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, revised the 1958 orthography and drew up a new orthography. The writing system records the Ha-Ya Hani phonology based on the Central (Jianchuan) dialect (中部方言, 剑川方言) in Jinhua town (金华镇), Jianchuan county (剑川县), with due care being given to the other two dialects as well.

According to Xu & Zhao (1984) ⁷, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Bai written with Latin in 1993 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Bai language. In June 1993, the Yunnan Provincial Ethnic Languages Steering Committee held the Scientific Symposium on Bai Language and Script Issues in Kunming, which resulted in revision of the 1982 orthography. The writing system records the Ha-Ya Hani phonology based on the Central (Jianchuan) dialect (中部方言, 剑川方言) in Jinhua town (金华镇), Jianchuan county (剑川县), with due care being given to the other two dialects as well.

According to Xu & Zhao (1984) ⁸, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.
2. ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are used in the beginning of a syllable.

Li Language

Li written with Latin in 1957 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Li language. In July 1956, the Hainan branch of the First Working Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carried out a survey of the Li language, put forward this writing system, and in February 1957 convened a Scientific Symposium on Li Language and Script Issues in Tongshi town (通什镇), adopting this writing system and a four-year plan. The writing system records the Li phonology based on the Ha dialect (侾方言) in Baoding town (保定乡), Ledong county (乐东县).

According to CAS (1957) ⁷, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.
2. ⟨ƃ⟩ < ⟨б⟩, ⟨ƌ⟩ < ⟨д⟩.

Li written with Latin in 1984 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Li language. In September 1984, the 1957 orthography was revised by the Li language teaching team of the Central University for Nationalities and the Li language survey and research team of the Institute of Nationalities of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The writing system records the Li phonology based on the Ha dialect (侾方言) in Baoding town (保定乡), Ledong county (乐东县).

According to Ouyang & Zheng (1980) ⁹ and HOLH (1994) ¹⁰, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Li written with Latin in 2005 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Li language. The writing system records the Li phonology based on the Ha dialect (侾方言) in Baoding town (保定乡), Ledong county (乐东县).

According to Wen & Wen (2006) ¹¹, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.
2. ⁹ is implemented as doubling the coda, e.g. ⟨liepp⟩ for liˡp⁹.

Yi Language

Yi written with Latin in 1975 orthography

Note that, in 1951, a writing system was developed by Chen Shilin (陈士林) for Yi language. And it was revised in 1956. But the alphabets are not available.

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Yi language. This writing system was proposed with Liangshan Yi script. The writing system records the standard Yi phonology based on Northern dialect (北部方言) Northern subdialect (北部次方言) Shengzha sub-subdialect (圣乍土语) in Xide county (喜德县).

According to He (2008) ¹², the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Yi written with Latin in 2010 orthography

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Yi language. This writing system was proposed with Liangshan Yi script. The writing system records the standard Yi phonology based on Northern dialect (北部方言) Northern subdialect (北部次方言) Shengzha sub-subdialect (圣乍土语) in Xide county (喜德县).

According to Jia & Sha (2018) ¹³, the alphabet is shown below:

Remark:

1. ⟨-⟩ means that the form of absence is used.

Axi Yi written with Latin in 1953 orthography

Note that, a book named 阿细语拼音字母试用本 was published in 1956, using Hanyu Pinyin alphabet, including 35 initials, 16 finals and 4 tones. But the alphabet was not available.

Note that, He Dezong (何德宗) working in Kunming CPPCC Library created a writing system in 1986, and printed in brochures in 1988. But the alphabet was not available.

The writing system uses the Latin script to record the Yi language Southeastern dialect (东南部方言) Axi subdialect (阿细土语). The writing system records the Axi phonology in Lunan county (路南县).

According to Yuan (1953) ¹⁴, the alphabet is shown below: